/*
 * The MIT License (MIT)
 *
 * Copyright (c) 2015-2023 decimal4j (tools4j), Marco Terzer
 *
 * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
 * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
 * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
 *
 * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
 * copies or substantial portions of the Software.
 *
 * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
 * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
 * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
 * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
 * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
 * SOFTWARE.
 */
package org.decimal4j.base;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.math.BigInteger;
import java.math.RoundingMode;

import org.decimal4j.api.Decimal;
import org.decimal4j.api.DecimalArithmetic;
import org.decimal4j.api.ImmutableDecimal;
import org.decimal4j.api.MutableDecimal;
import org.decimal4j.scale.ScaleMetrics;
import org.decimal4j.truncate.CheckedRounding;
import org.decimal4j.truncate.OverflowMode;
import org.decimal4j.truncate.TruncationPolicy;
import org.decimal4j.truncate.UncheckedRounding;

/**
 * Common base class for {@link AbstractImmutableDecimal immutable} and
 * {@link AbstractMutableDecimal mutable} {@link Decimal} numbers of different
 * scales.
 * 
 * @param <S>
 *            the scale metrics type associated with this decimal
 * @param <D>
 *            the concrete class implementing this decimal
 */
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
abstract public class AbstractDecimal<S extends ScaleMetrics, D extends AbstractDecimal<S, D>> 
                extends Number implements Decimal<S> {

        /**
         * Returns this or a new {@code Decimal} whose value is
         * <code>(unscaled &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup>)</code>.
         * <p>
         * The returned value is a new instance if this decimal is an
         * {@link ImmutableDecimal}. If it is a {@link MutableDecimal} then its
         * internal state is altered and {@code this} is returned as result now
         * representing <code>(unscaled &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup>)</code>.
         * 
         * @param unscaled
         *            unscaled value to be returned as a {@code Decimal}
         * @return <code>unscaled &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup></code>
         */
        abstract protected D createOrAssign(long unscaled);

        /**
         * Returns a new {@code Decimal} whose value is
         * <code>(unscaled &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup>)</code>.
         * 
         * @param unscaled
         *            unscaled value to be returned as a {@code Decimal}
         * @return <code>unscaled &times; 10<sup>-scale</sup></code>
         */
        abstract protected D create(long unscaled);

        /**
         * Returns a new {@code Decimal} array of the specified {@code length}.
         * 
         * @param length
         *            the length of the array to return
         * @return {@code new D[length]}
         */
        abstract protected D[] createArray(int length);

        /**
         * Returns {@code this} decimal value as concrete implementation subtype.
         * 
         * @return {@code this}
         */
        abstract protected D self();

        /**
         * Returns the default arithmetic performing unchecked operations with
         * rounding mode {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP}.
         * 
         * @return default arithmetic with {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP}
         *         rounding and {@link OverflowMode#UNCHECKED UNCHECKED} overflow
         *         mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getDefaultArithmetic() {
                return getScaleMetrics().getDefaultArithmetic();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the default arithmetic performing checked operations with
         * rounding mode {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP}.
         * 
         * @return default arithmetic with {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP}
         *         rounding and {@link OverflowMode#CHECKED CHECKED} overflow mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getDefaultCheckedArithmetic() {
                return getScaleMetrics().getDefaultCheckedArithmetic();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the default arithmetic performing checked operations with
         * rounding mode {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP} and the specified
         * {@code overflowMode}.
         * 
         * @param overflowMode
         *            the overflow for the returned arithmetic
         * 
         * @return default arithmetic with {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP}
         *         rounding and the given {@code overflowMode}
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getArithmeticFor(OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                return getScaleMetrics().getArithmetic(overflowMode == OverflowMode.CHECKED ? CheckedRounding.HALF_UP : UncheckedRounding.HALF_UP);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the arithmetic performing unchecked operations with rounding mode
         * {@link RoundingMode#DOWN DOWN}.
         * 
         * @return arithmetic with {@link RoundingMode#DOWN DOWN} rounding and
         *         {@link OverflowMode#UNCHECKED UNCHECKED} overflow mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getRoundingDownArithmetic() {
                return getScaleMetrics().getRoundingDownArithmetic();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the arithmetic performing unchecked operations with rounding mode
         * {@link RoundingMode#FLOOR FLOOR}.
         * 
         * @return arithmetic with {@link RoundingMode#FLOOR FLOOR} rounding and
         *         {@link OverflowMode#UNCHECKED UNCHECKED} overflow mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getRoundingFloorArithmetic() {
                return getScaleMetrics().getRoundingFloorArithmetic();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the arithmetic performing unchecked operations with rounding mode
         * {@link RoundingMode#HALF_EVEN HALF_EVEN}.
         * 
         * @return arithmetic with {@link RoundingMode#HALF_UP HALF_UP} rounding and
         *         {@link OverflowMode#UNCHECKED UNCHECKED} overflow mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getRoundingHalfEvenArithmetic() {
                return getScaleMetrics().getRoundingHalfEvenArithmetic();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the arithmetic performing unchecked operations with rounding mode
         * {@link RoundingMode#UNNECESSARY UNNECESSARY}.
         * 
         * @return arithmetic with {@link RoundingMode#UNNECESSARY UNNECESSARY}
         *         rounding and {@link OverflowMode#UNCHECKED UNCHECKED} overflow
         *         mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getRoundingUnnecessaryArithmetic() {
                return getScaleMetrics().getRoundingUnnecessaryArithmetic();
        }

        /**
         * Returns the arithmetic performing unchecked operations with the specified
         * {@link RoundingMode}.
         * 
         * @param roundingMode
         *            the rounding for the returned arithmetic
         * @return arithmetic with specified {@code roundingMode} and
         *         {@link OverflowMode#UNCHECKED UNCHECKED} overflow mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getArithmeticFor(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return getScaleMetrics().getArithmetic(roundingMode);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the arithmetic performing checked operations with the specified
         * {@link RoundingMode}.
         * 
         * @param roundingMode
         *            the rounding for the returned arithmetic
         * @return arithmetic with specified {@code roundingMode} and
         *         {@link OverflowMode#CHECKED CHECKED} overflow mode
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getCheckedArithmeticFor(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return getScaleMetrics().getCheckedArithmetic(roundingMode);
        }

        /**
         * Returns the arithmetic for the specified {@code truncationPolicy}.
         * 
         * @param truncationPolicy
         *            the truncation policy for the returned arithmetic
         * @return arithmetic performing operations according to the given
         *         {@code truncationPolicy}
         */
        protected DecimalArithmetic getArithmeticFor(TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return getScaleMetrics().getArithmetic(truncationPolicy);
        }

        /* -------------------- Number and simular conversion ------------------- */

        @Override
        public byte byteValueExact() {
                final long num = longValueExact(); // will check decimal part
                if ((byte) num != num) {
                        throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow: " + num + " is out of the possible range for a byte");
                }
                return (byte) num;
        }

        @Override
        public short shortValueExact() {
                final long num = longValueExact(); // will check decimal part
                if ((short) num != num) {
                        throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow: " + num + " is out of the possible range for a short");
                }
                return (short) num;
        }

        @Override
        public int intValue() {
                return (int) longValue();
        }

        @Override
        public int intValueExact() {
                final long num = longValueExact(); // will check decimal part
                if ((int) num != num) {
                        throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow: " + num + " is out of the possible range for an int");
                }
                return (int) num;
        }

        @Override
        public long longValue() {
                return getRoundingDownArithmetic().toLong(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public long longValueExact() {
                return getRoundingUnnecessaryArithmetic().toLong(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public long longValue(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).toLong(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public float floatValue() {
                // NOTE: Must be HALF_EVEN rounding mode according to The Java Language
                // Specification
                // @see section 5.1.3 narrowing primitive conversion
                // @see section 4.2.3. Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values
                // @see IEEE 754-1985 Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic
                return getRoundingHalfEvenArithmetic().toFloat(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public float floatValue(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).toFloat(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public double doubleValue() {
                // NOTE: Must be HALF_EVEN rounding mode according to The Java Language
                // Specification
                // @see section 5.1.3 narrowing primitive conversion
                // @see section 4.2.3. Floating-Point Types, Formats, and Values
                // @see IEEE 754-1985 Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic
                return getRoundingHalfEvenArithmetic().toDouble(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public double doubleValue(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).toDouble(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public BigInteger toBigInteger() {
                return BigInteger.valueOf(longValue());
        }

        @Override
        public BigInteger toBigIntegerExact() {
                return BigInteger.valueOf(longValueExact());
        }

        @Override
        public BigInteger toBigInteger(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return BigInteger.valueOf(longValue(roundingMode));
        }

        @Override
        public BigDecimal toBigDecimal() {
                return getDefaultArithmetic().toBigDecimal(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public BigDecimal toBigDecimal(int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).toBigDecimal(unscaledValue(), scale);
        }

        @Override
        public D integralPart() {
                final long unscaled = unscaledValue();
                final long integral = unscaled - getScaleMetrics().moduloByScaleFactor(unscaled);
                return createOrAssign(integral);
        }

        @Override
        public D fractionalPart() {
                return createOrAssign(getScaleMetrics().moduloByScaleFactor(unscaledValue()));
        }

        /* ----------------------------- rounding ------------------------------ */
        @Override
        public D round(int precision) {
                if (precision < getScale()) {
                        return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().round(unscaledValue(), precision));
                }
                return self();
        }

        @Override
        public D round(int precision, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                if (precision < getScale()) {
                        return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).round(unscaledValue(), precision));
                }
                return self();
        }

        @Override
        public D round(int precision, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                if (precision < getScale()) {
                        return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).round(unscaledValue(), precision));
                }
                return self();
        }

        /* -------------------------------- add -------------------------------- */

        @Override
        public D add(Decimal<S> augend) {
                return addUnscaled(augend.unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public D add(Decimal<S> augend, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                return addUnscaled(augend.unscaledValue(), overflowMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D add(Decimal<?> augend, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return addUnscaled(augend.unscaledValue(), augend.getScale(), roundingMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D add(Decimal<?> augend, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return addUnscaled(augend.unscaledValue(), augend.getScale(), truncationPolicy);
        }

        @Override
        public D add(long augend) {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().addLong(unscaledValue(), augend));
        }

        @Override
        public D add(long augend, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(overflowMode).addLong(unscaledValue(), augend));
        }

        @Override
        public D add(double augend) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultCheckedArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.add(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(augend)));
        }

        @Override
        public D add(double augend, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getCheckedArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.add(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(augend)));
        }

        @Override
        public D addUnscaled(long unscaledAugend) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.add(unscaledValue(), unscaledAugend));
        }

        @Override
        public D addUnscaled(long unscaledAugend, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(overflowMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.add(unscaledValue(), unscaledAugend));
        }

        @Override
        public D addUnscaled(long unscaledAugend, int scale) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.addUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledAugend, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D addUnscaled(long unscaledAugend, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.addUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledAugend, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D addUnscaled(long unscaledAugend, int scale, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.addUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledAugend, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D addSquared(Decimal<S> value) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.add(unscaledValue(), arith.square(value.unscaledValue())));
        }

        @Override
        public D addSquared(Decimal<S> value, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.add(unscaledValue(), arith.square(value.unscaledValue())));
        }

        @Override
        public D addSquared(Decimal<S> value, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.add(unscaledValue(), arith.square(value.unscaledValue())));
        }

        /* ------------------------------ subtract ------------------------------ */

        @Override
        public D subtract(Decimal<S> subtrahend) {
                return subtractUnscaled(subtrahend.unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public D subtract(Decimal<S> subtrahend, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                return subtractUnscaled(subtrahend.unscaledValue(), overflowMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D subtract(Decimal<?> subtrahend, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return subtractUnscaled(subtrahend.unscaledValue(), subtrahend.getScale(), roundingMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D subtract(Decimal<?> subtrahend, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return subtractUnscaled(subtrahend.unscaledValue(), subtrahend.getScale(), truncationPolicy);
        }

        @Override
        public D subtract(long subtrahend) {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().subtractLong(unscaledValue(), subtrahend));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtract(long subtrahend, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(overflowMode).subtractLong(unscaledValue(), subtrahend));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtract(double subtrahend) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultCheckedArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtract(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(subtrahend)));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtract(double subtrahend, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getCheckedArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtract(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(subtrahend)));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractUnscaled(long unscaledSubtrahend) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtract(unscaledValue(), unscaledSubtrahend));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractUnscaled(long unscaledSubtrahend, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(overflowMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtract(unscaledValue(), unscaledSubtrahend));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractUnscaled(long unscaledSubtrahend, int scale) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtractUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledSubtrahend, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractUnscaled(long unscaledSubtrahend, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtractUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledSubtrahend, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractUnscaled(long unscaledSubtrahend, int scale, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtractUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledSubtrahend, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractSquared(Decimal<S> value) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtract(unscaledValue(), arith.square(value.unscaledValue())));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractSquared(Decimal<S> value, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtract(unscaledValue(), arith.square(value.unscaledValue())));
        }

        @Override
        public D subtractSquared(Decimal<S> value, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.subtract(unscaledValue(), arith.square(value.unscaledValue())));
        }

        /* ------------------------------ multiply ------------------------------ */

        @Override
        public D multiply(Decimal<S> multiplicand) {
                return multiplyUnscaled(multiplicand.unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public D multiply(Decimal<S> multiplicand, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return multiplyUnscaled(multiplicand.unscaledValue(), roundingMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D multiply(Decimal<S> multiplicand, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return multiplyUnscaled(multiplicand.unscaledValue(), truncationPolicy);
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyBy(Decimal<?> multiplicand) {
                return multiplyUnscaled(multiplicand.unscaledValue(), multiplicand.getScale());
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyBy(Decimal<?> multiplicand, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return multiplyUnscaled(multiplicand.unscaledValue(), multiplicand.getScale(), roundingMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyBy(Decimal<?> multiplicand, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return multiplyUnscaled(multiplicand.unscaledValue(), multiplicand.getScale(), truncationPolicy);
        }

        @Override
        public D multiply(long multiplicand) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiplyByLong(unscaledValue(), multiplicand));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiply(long multiplicand, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(overflowMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiplyByLong(unscaledValue(), multiplicand));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiply(double multiplicand) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultCheckedArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiply(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(multiplicand)));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiply(double multiplicand, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getCheckedArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiply(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(multiplicand)));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyUnscaled(long unscaledMultiplicand) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiply(unscaledValue(), unscaledMultiplicand));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyUnscaled(long unscaledMultiplicand, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiply(unscaledValue(), unscaledMultiplicand));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyUnscaled(long unscaledMultiplicand, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiply(unscaledValue(), unscaledMultiplicand));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyUnscaled(long unscaledMultiplicand, int scale) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiplyByUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledMultiplicand, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyUnscaled(long unscaledMultiplicand, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiplyByUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledMultiplicand, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyUnscaled(long unscaledMultiplicand, int scale, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.multiplyByUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledMultiplicand, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyByPowerOfTen(int n) {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().multiplyByPowerOf10(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyByPowerOfTen(int n, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).multiplyByPowerOf10(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D multiplyByPowerOfTen(int n, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).multiplyByPowerOf10(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        /* ------------------------------ divide ------------------------------ */

        @Override
        public D divide(Decimal<S> divisor) {
                return divideUnscaled(divisor.unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public D divide(Decimal<S> divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return divideUnscaled(divisor.unscaledValue(), roundingMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D divide(Decimal<S> divisor, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return divideUnscaled(divisor.unscaledValue(), truncationPolicy);
        }

        @Override
        public D divideBy(Decimal<?> divisor) {
                return divideUnscaled(divisor.unscaledValue(), divisor.getScale());
        }

        @Override
        public D divideBy(Decimal<?> divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return divideUnscaled(divisor.unscaledValue(), divisor.getScale(), roundingMode);
        }

        @Override
        public D divideBy(Decimal<?> divisor, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return divideUnscaled(divisor.unscaledValue(), divisor.getScale(), truncationPolicy);
        }

        @Override
        public D divide(long divisor) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.divideByLong(unscaledValue(), divisor));
        }

        @Override
        public D divide(long divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.divideByLong(unscaledValue(), divisor));
        }

        @Override
        public D divide(long divisor, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.divideByLong(unscaledValue(), divisor));
        }

        @Override
        public D divide(double divisor) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultCheckedArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.divide(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(divisor)));
        }

        @Override
        public D divide(double divisor, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getCheckedArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.divide(unscaledValue(), arith.fromDouble(divisor)));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideUnscaled(long unscaledDivisor) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.divide(unscaledValue(), unscaledDivisor));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideUnscaled(long unscaledDivisor, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.divide(unscaledValue(), unscaledDivisor));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideUnscaled(long unscaledDivisor, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.divide(unscaledValue(), unscaledDivisor));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideUnscaled(long unscaledDivisor, int scale) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getDefaultArithmetic();
                return createOrAssign(arith.divideByUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledDivisor, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideUnscaled(long unscaledDivisor, int scale, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(roundingMode);
                return createOrAssign(arith.divideByUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledDivisor, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideUnscaled(long unscaledDivisor, int scale, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy);
                return createOrAssign(arith.divideByUnscaled(unscaledValue(), unscaledDivisor, scale));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideExact(Decimal<S> divisor) {
                return divide(divisor, CheckedRounding.UNNECESSARY);
        }

        @Override
        public D divideTruncate(Decimal<S> divisor) {
                return createOrAssign(getRoundingDownArithmetic().divide(unscaledValue(), divisor.unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideByPowerOfTen(int n) {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().divideByPowerOf10(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideByPowerOfTen(int n, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).divideByPowerOf10(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideByPowerOfTen(int n, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).divideByPowerOf10(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideToIntegralValue(Decimal<S> divisor) {
                final long longValue = unscaledValue() / divisor.unscaledValue();
                return createOrAssign(getScaleMetrics().multiplyByScaleFactor(longValue));
        }

        @Override
        public D divideToIntegralValue(Decimal<S> divisor, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                if (!overflowMode.isChecked()) {
                        return divideToIntegralValue(divisor);
                }
                final long longValue = divideToLongValue(divisor, overflowMode);
                return createOrAssign(getScaleMetrics().multiplyByScaleFactorExact(longValue));
        }

        @Override
        public long divideToLongValue(Decimal<S> divisor) {
                return unscaledValue() / divisor.unscaledValue();
        }

        @Override
        public long divideToLongValue(Decimal<S> divisor, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(overflowMode == OverflowMode.CHECKED ? CheckedRounding.DOWN : UncheckedRounding.DOWN);
                try {
                        return arith.divideByLong(unscaledValue(), divisor.unscaledValue());
                } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
                        if (divisor.isZero()) {
                                throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero: integral(" + this + " / " + divisor + ")");
                        }
                        throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow: integral(" + this + " / " + divisor + ")");
                }
        }

        @Override
        public D[] divideAndRemainder(Decimal<S> divisor) {
                final long uDividend = unscaledValue();
                final long uDivisor = divisor.unscaledValue();
                final long lIntegral = uDividend / uDivisor;
                final long uIntegral = getScaleMetrics().multiplyByScaleFactor(lIntegral);
                final long uReminder = uDividend - uDivisor * lIntegral;
                final D[] result = createArray(2);
                result[0] = create(uIntegral);
                result[1] = create(uReminder);
                return result;
        }

        @Override
        public D[] divideAndRemainder(Decimal<S> divisor, OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                if (!overflowMode.isChecked()) {
                        return divideAndRemainder(divisor);
                }
                try {
                        final DecimalArithmetic arith = getArithmeticFor(CheckedRounding.DOWN);
                        final long uDividend = unscaledValue();
                        final long uDivisor = divisor.unscaledValue();
                        final long lIntegral = arith.divideByLong(uDividend, uDivisor);
                        final long uIntegral = getScaleMetrics().multiplyByScaleFactorExact(lIntegral);
                        final long uReminder = uDividend - uDivisor * lIntegral;
                        final D[] result = createArray(2);
                        result[0] = create(uIntegral);
                        result[1] = create(uReminder);
                        return result;
                } catch (ArithmeticException e) {
                        if (divisor.isZero()) {
                                throw new ArithmeticException("Division by zero: integral(" + this + " / " + divisor + ")");
                        }
                        throw new ArithmeticException("Overflow: integral(" + this + " / " + divisor + ")");
                }
        }

        @Override
        public D remainder(Decimal<S> divisor) {
                return createOrAssign(unscaledValue() % divisor.unscaledValue());
        }

        /* ------------------------- other arithmetic ------------------------- */

        @Override
        public int signum() {
                return Long.signum(unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public D negate() {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().negate(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D negate(OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(overflowMode).negate(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D abs() {
                final long unscaled = unscaledValue();
                return unscaled >= 0 ? self() : createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().negate(unscaled));
        }

        @Override
        public D abs(OverflowMode overflowMode) {
                final long unscaled = unscaledValue();
                return unscaled >= 0 ? self() : createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(overflowMode).negate(unscaled));
        }

        @Override
        public D invert() {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().invert(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D invert(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).invert(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D invert(TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).invert(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D square() {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().square(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D square(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).square(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D square(TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).square(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D sqrt() {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().sqrt(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D sqrt(RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).sqrt(unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D shiftLeft(int n) {
                // NOTE: FLOOR is default for shift!
                return createOrAssign(getRoundingFloorArithmetic().shiftLeft(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D shiftLeft(int n, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).shiftLeft(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D shiftLeft(int n, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).shiftLeft(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D shiftRight(int n) {
                // NOTE: FLOOR is default for shift!
                return createOrAssign(getRoundingFloorArithmetic().shiftRight(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D shiftRight(int n, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).shiftRight(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D shiftRight(int n, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).shiftRight(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D pow(int n) {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().pow(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D pow(int n, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).pow(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        @Override
        public D pow(int n, TruncationPolicy truncationPolicy) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(truncationPolicy).pow(unscaledValue(), n));
        }

        /* --------------------------- compare etc. ---------------------------- */

        @Override
        public int compareTo(Decimal<S> other) {
                return getDefaultArithmetic().compare(unscaledValue(), other.unscaledValue());
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isEqualTo(Decimal<S> other) {
                return compareTo(other) == 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isGreaterThan(Decimal<S> other) {
                return compareTo(other) > 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(Decimal<S> other) {
                return compareTo(other) >= 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isLessThan(Decimal<S> other) {
                return compareTo(other) < 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isLessThanOrEqualTo(Decimal<S> other) {
                return compareTo(other) <= 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isZero() {
                return unscaledValue() == 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isOne() {
                return unscaledValue() == getScaleMetrics().getScaleFactor();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isUlp() {
                return unscaledValue() == 1;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isMinusOne() {
                return unscaledValue() == -getScaleMetrics().getScaleFactor();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isPositive() {
                return unscaledValue() > 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isNonNegative() {
                return unscaledValue() >= 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isNegative() {
                return unscaledValue() < 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isNonPositive() {
                return unscaledValue() <= 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isIntegral() {
                return getScaleMetrics().moduloByScaleFactor(unscaledValue()) == 0;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isIntegralPartZero() {
                final long unscaled = unscaledValue();
                final long one = getScaleMetrics().getScaleFactor();
                return one > unscaled & unscaled > -one;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isBetweenZeroAndOne() {
                final long unscaled = unscaledValue();
                return 0 <= unscaled && unscaled < getScaleMetrics().getScaleFactor();
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isBetweenZeroAndMinusOne() {
                final long unscaled = unscaledValue();
                return 0 >= unscaled && unscaled > -(getScaleMetrics().getScaleFactor());
        }

        @Override
        public int compareToNumerically(Decimal<?> other) {
                return getDefaultArithmetic().compareToUnscaled(unscaledValue(), other.unscaledValue(), other.getScale());
        }

        @Override
        public boolean isEqualToNumerically(Decimal<?> other) {
                return compareToNumerically(other) == 0;
        }

        @Override
        public Decimal<S> min(Decimal<S> val) {
                return isLessThanOrEqualTo(val) ? this : val;
        }

        @Override
        public Decimal<S> max(Decimal<S> val) {
                return isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(val) ? this : val;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the minimum of this {@code Decimal} and {@code val}.
         *
         * @param val
         *            value with which the minimum is to be computed.
         * @return the {@code Decimal} whose value is the lesser of this
         *         {@code Decimal} and {@code val}. If they are equal, as defined by
         *         the {@link #compareTo(Decimal) compareTo} method, {@code this} is
         *         returned.
         * @see #compareTo(Decimal)
         */
        public D min(D val) {
                return isLessThanOrEqualTo(val) ? self() : val;
        }

        /**
         * Returns the maximum of this {@code Decimal} and {@code val}.
         *
         * @param val
         *            value with which the maximum is to be computed.
         * @return the {@code Decimal} whose value is the greater of this
         *         {@code Decimal} and {@code val}. If they are equal, as defined by
         *         the {@link #compareTo(Decimal) compareTo} method, {@code this} is
         *         returned.
         * @see #compareTo(Decimal)
         */
        public D max(D val) {
                return isGreaterThanOrEqualTo(val) ? self() : val;
        }

        @Override
        public D avg(Decimal<S> val) {
                return createOrAssign(getDefaultArithmetic().avg(unscaledValue(), val.unscaledValue()));
        }

        @Override
        public D avg(Decimal<S> val, RoundingMode roundingMode) {
                return createOrAssign(getArithmeticFor(roundingMode).avg(unscaledValue(), val.unscaledValue()));
        }

        /* ---------------------------- equals etc. ---------------------------- */

        @Override
        public int hashCode() {
                final long unscaled = unscaledValue();
                long hash = getScale();
                hash = 31 * hash + (unscaled >>> 32);
                hash = 31 * hash + unscaled;
                return (int) hash;
        }

        @Override
        public boolean equals(Object obj) {
                if (obj instanceof Decimal) {
                        final Decimal<?> other = (Decimal<?>) obj;
                        return unscaledValue() == other.unscaledValue() && getScale() == other.getScale();
                }
                return false;
        }

        @Override
        public String toString() {
                return getDefaultArithmetic().toString(unscaledValue());
        }
}